Viral Bocah Pemulung Termenung Lihat Keluarga Bahagia, Bikin Sedih Warganet

You just can't put enough information into a single article to explain the processes of going green with solar electrical energy, so we broke it into three steps. In the first article "Step One, Determining your Current Use" we looked at how to determine how much energy you use at present and how to lower your consumption. In this article "Step Two, Choose Your Technology" we will look at the types of systems in use and the equipment needed to use them. In "Step Three, to Contract or DIY?" we will look at what it takes to install the various types and whether you should do it yourself. In this article, we are exploring the technology available for solar electric installations. This includes various types of solar panels, along with charge controllers, batteries and inverters needed to support the panels. Solar Panels The heart and soul of any solar electric installation is the solar panel itself. Correctly called a Photo-Voltaic (PV) cell or panel, this device converts sunlight into electrical energy. Because of it's nature, it converts solar energy into Direct Current (DC), which is the type of current stored and provided by a battery. DC electricity has a polarity, so there is a Plus (+) and a minus (-) connection to each panel or battery. Our homes use Alternating Current (AC) that switches polarity very rapidly, so we don't need to be concerned with polarity, though we do still have to keep the wires separated. In the US, this switching rate is 60 Hertz (which is 60 cycles per second). We use AC primarily because we can change the voltage to a much higher voltage with a device called a transformer for more efficient long range transmission of power from generation facilities to the towns and cities where it is used. Also, at a higher voltage we can use a smaller wire to carry the same amount of power without damage to the wires. There are also a number of other reasons, but these are the big two reasons when it came to choosing our national power scheme.

The two main methods of using solar electric or Photo-Voltaic (PV ) cells as they are more properly called, are off-grid and grid-interconnect or grid-intertie. With the first, off-grid, you use the PV Panels to charge a battery bank. The battery bank, in turn is used to feed an inverter that converts the DC of the panels and batteries into AC that your house uses. By properly sizing the panels and battery bank, you can supply the electrical needs of your home even during periods where the sun isn't shining, or weather causes you panels to produce less than full output. During normal daylight hours, the panels provide all of the needs for your home plus some to charge the batteries. At night and on cloudy or rainy days, the batteries provide the power when the panels can't provide enough (or any). With decent power conservation and a big enough bank of batteries, you might be able to endure as much as a week of bad weather before you need to resort to a backup generator or other alternative power source. The biggest benefit of the off-grid system is that you can do it any place there is sunlight, and you don't have any reliance on the electrical grid at all. Negatives are the higher initial cost, the need for a large battery bank, and the increased maintenance of keeping track of the battery bank and keeping it healthy. Also, it will likely be necessary to change out the batteries during the life of the system, as their lifetime isn't nearly as long as the 25 year plus expected life of the panels. With a grid-intertie or grid-interconnect system you don't need batteries or a charge controller because you are still connected to the utility grid. When the panels provide more power than you use, it provides power back into the grid and your meter runs backwards. When it does not, but is producing some power, like an overcast day, the meter turns slower, only making up what the panels don't provide. At night, you are using power from the grid only because the panels don't produce anything at night. This system has several benefits and only a few negative elements. On the benefit side, you can start with a smaller system and expand it with time as you have more money (and perhaps the efficiencies will increase and the price per watt will decrease). Because you are tied to the grid, you aren't totally self-sufficient and can use higher power during peak periods than you can hope to supply with your panels. On the negative side, you can't do this if you are in a remote area where there is no grid power, you can't get the system to run, and if the commercial power fails, you go down too, because the inverter will detect the loss of commercial power and shut down to prevent back feeding the grid, which could be dangerous to utility personnel working on the lines. Another potential negative is if you oversize your panels and produce more power than you consume, you don't get paid by the utility, because their connect plans are "net metering" plans that only discount your bill for the power you produce, not pay you as a producer. Legislation may change this someday, but I don't see it happening any time soon.

Note that there is a common element between the two types of systems. There are panels, which could be identical between the two system types, and there is an inverter that converts the DC power from the panels to AC that you can use in the home. Even though both systems use inverters, the inverters used are specific to one or the other system. You cannot use a regular off-grid inverter on a grid-intertie system and you cannot use a grid-intertie inverter on an off-grid system. Besides the panels themselves, the greatest cost of your system will be the inverter, so you really do need to choose which type of system you want to install. and determine the size you want to install. As this is often dictated by available funds for your investment, you should probably determine the type of cells you want to install. Technology -- The PhotoVoltaic Panels The most popular PV panels available right now are both made from thin-film cells. Traditional solar cells are made on glass wafers, and are relatively easy to damage. Each cell produces 1.5 volts. These are interconnected to the higher DC voltage the charge controller and inverter need. Typical voltages are a nominal 24 VDC system but 48VDC systems are just about as popular. Higher voltage means you can use smaller wire for the same output power, which makes the interconnections a bit easier to handle and less expensive. If you are a dyed in the wool Do-It-Yourselfer, you can even purchase individual cells in large quantities and solder them together into your own panels. This is a demanding but boring job once you get going, so it is not for everyone. A typical panel has a number of interconnected cells inside a (usually) aluminum frame with a solid back and glass or (more usually) plastic cover that keeps the cells clean and protects them from damage from falling objects like twigs and such. The cells in these panels are usually CDTe (Cadmium Telluride) cells, which are relatively low cost to manufacture and have efficiency of about 16.5% which is pretty reasonable. Coupled with the low manufacturing cost, this type of cell is currently the most popular, but that may not be for long. Each cell must be interconnected into a panel with a standard voltage output to connect to charge controllers and/or inverters

Newer flexible panels are mace from Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide (CIGS). Cells of this type can even be made on a flexible substrate like plastic and show significant promise across a number of applications. They also have efficiency of 19.9%, but currently the cost of manufacturing is rather high. They do show promise for lower cost manufacturing techniques, so their price should move down fairly soon. One benefit of a flexible cell is that it can be sent to the job site in a roll, then applied directly to metal roofing like standing seam roofing. This type of panel has a panels about 16" wide that are held down with clips and lock together to make a waterproof roof, but have a 15" flat space between the raised ribs. This space is is ideal for application of the flexible solar cells, and as you might imagine, they come in just that size. These cells can be made in nearly any length, but standard lengths are currently in production. At the top of each cell is where the connections are made, usually under the ridge cap of the roof. the individual cells are connected in serial strings to the voltage required by the grid-intertie inverter. With grid intertie, much higher "panel" voltages can be used because there is no requirement for keeping the strings wired in battery voltage increments. For that reason many of the grid-intertie systems use panel voltages over 240 volts.. As you might imagine, this requires special handling by qualified personnel to make the interconnections and because they connect to the grid, it is essential that qualified personnel are used there too. This potentially increases the cost somewhat compared to a DIY installation, but is much more safe. Currently, due to the different installation method for the roll out panels/cells and the relatively few manufacturers, they are only selling these types of panels through authorized, trained installers. However, the total may be worth it in the long run.

Either type of solar panels can be expected to produce at least 85% of their rated capacity for at least 25 years, so if you are in an area of high power costs, they can be quite attractive if you can afford the initial investment. Now that you know something about your power requirements, and have an idea of the technology involved, you should be interested in our third article of this series "Going Green With Solar Electrical Energy -- Step Three, to Contract or DIY?" where we will look at what it takes to install the various types and whether you should do it yourself.

Do you want to learn how you can use renewable electricity energy sources to run your house? Electricity consumption is at an all time high today and still rising, and this high demand is expected to cause energy prices to keep increasing in the near and long term future. 1. Is It Really Possible to Use Alternative Energy Sources to Run a Home? It is now possible to build your own renewable energy system at home to produce your own electricity. This has helped me reduce my power bills by more than 80% and will also help reduce the amount of pollution into the atmosphere. 2. Solar Electricity Energy Sources Solar power from the sun can be harnessed by making your own solar panels on the roof. This is one of the best renewable energy sources. The electric power generated can be used to run many household appliances. You can choose to install a battery system to store excessive electricity for future use or sell it back to the grid for profit. 3. Using Wind Alternative Electricity Energy Sources Wind energy has traditionally been harnessed by windmills to grind up grain. It is a great alternative to traditional fossil fuels as they are very energy efficient and readily available. 4. Why Use Alternative Electricity Energy Sources? Many people still think that renewable energy systems are still just a fantasy, when in fact they are already in existence and in use at many households. Hopefully, renewable energy will be used on a large scale one day as this will reduce pollution and save up spendings on electricity.

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